Entrance of Cave-1 at the Elephanta Caves (2023) by CyArkCyArk
Where are the Elephanta Caves?
The Elephanta Caves are a collection of rock-cut caves located on the Elephanta Island, off the eastern seaboard of Mumbai in India. These 1500 year old caves have and continue to serve as sacred spaces dedicated to the worship of the Hindu God, Shiva.
Shiva slaying Andhaka at Elephanta Caves complex (2023) by CyArkCyArk
Why are they important?
The Elephanta Caves are significant because they are a superb example of India's rock-cut temple architectural tradition, dating back to the 3rd century BCE.
Looking out on Mumbai Harbor from Elephanta island (2023) by CyArkCyArk
What’s the history of the Elephanta Caves?
During the 1st – 2nd century C.E, Elephanta Island was a bustling port, engaged in trade with ancient Greece and Rome.This trade prosperity supported religious development, evidenced by early Buddhist remains on the island.
Dr. Andre Baptista identifies portions of the Ravananugraha panel at Cave-1 (2023) by CyArkCyArk
In the 6th and 7th centuries, Hinduism, particularly the worship of Shiva, gained prominence. During this time, elaborate cave temples dedicated to Shiva were built, characterized by detailed carvings that showcased exceptional architectural and artistic skills.
Ganesh scupture relief on column at Elephanta Caves Temple complex (2023) by CyArkCyArk
Why are they called Elephanta Caves?
Active worship at the Elephanta caves persisted for centuries until Portuguese explorers arrived and discovered a massive stone elephant sculpture on the shoreline. They renamed the island 'Elephanta' after this statue, deviating from its traditional name, Gharapuri.
Looking into Sancta Sanctorum at Elephanta (2023) by CyArkCyArk
When were they rediscovered?
By the 16th and 17th centuries, the rock-cut cave temples were abandoned and gradually fell into disrepair. It wasn't until the 19th century that British archaeologists rediscovered the caves and extensively documented them, bringing them back into collective awareness.
Professor Yogini Aatreya at Cave-1 at Elephanta Caves (2023) by CyArkCyArk
What is the site used for today?
Active worship at the caves is still carried out by the local inhabitants of the island, especially on auspicious days dedicated to Shiva.
Walking into the Elephanta Caves temple complex (2023) by CyArkCyArk
Why are the Elephanta Caves at risk?
Over the past three centuries, Elephanta Island has experienced significant changes in its landscape due to urbanization. The growth of the shipping industry, offshore oil drilling, and numerous infrastructure projects have gradually transformed the island's fragile ecosystem.
Boats within the Mumbai Harbor (2023) by CyArkCyArk
Additionally, the island faces challenges related to climate change, including rising temperatures, water scarcity during hot summer months, and acid rain during monsoons.
Dvarapala, stone guardians around the Sancta Sanctorum at Elephanta (2023) by CyArkCyArk
These environmental changes accelerate the natural weathering process of the distinctive vesicular basalt rock, from which the caves are carved.
