Rosario Ibarra de Piedra. A campaign for human rights and democracy

Rosario Ibarra de Piedra was one of the first women to promote and act for the defense of human rights, fight for truth, justice and democracy in Mexico.

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Comité Nacional Pro-Defensa de los Presos, Desaparecidos y Exiliados Políticos con varias madres en el atrio de la Catedral Metropolitana (1982) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/AG2/1231.2Archivo General de la Nación - México

In the history of Mexico there was a period characterized by a set of measures to dissolve opposition movements implemented by the State, which spanned approximately from 1940 to 1990.

Cierre de campaña del Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, los partidarios salen del Monumento de la Revolución hacia Tlatelolco encabezados por su candidata Rosario Ibarra de Piedra (1982) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Cronológico Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/CR2/0002Archivo General de la Nación - México

Institutions such as the Federal Directorate of Security and the Directorate of Political and Social Research controlled and monitored these independent movements and reported their activities through reports, which allow us to reconstruct the history of this period.

Fotos de desaparecidos en el atrio de la Catedral Metropolitana (1982) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/AG2/1231.2Archivo General de la Nación - México

The methods used by the State were directed towards military and political repression, after monitoring the militants of different groups, which led, among other things, to the forced disappearance of many people.

Discurso de Rosario Ibarra de Piedra en asamblea llevada a cabo en el Monumento a la Revolución (1988) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/AG2/1231.1Archivo General de la Nación - México

In this context, the relatives of the disappeared, mostly mothers, began a movement to find them, which gained strength in the mid-1970s. Rosario Ibarra de Piedra, in the search for her son Jesus, stood out and became the main spokeswoman.

Comité ¡EUREKA! en el zócalo de la Ciudad de México (1982) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/AG2/1231Archivo General de la Nación - México

By 1977, Rosario Ibarra, her comrades in struggle and other activists formed the National Committee for the Defense of Prisoners, Persecuted, Disappeared and Political Exiles of Mexico, known years later as ¡EUREKA!

Comitiva que encabezó la huelga de hambre por la libertad de los presos y desaparecidos (1978) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/AG2/1231Archivo General de la Nación - México

One of the most relevant actions of Rosario Ibarra's struggle was the hunger strike that she carried out in August 1978 along with other search mothers. This resulted in the release of political prisoners, the repatriation of others and the annulment of court orders.

Asamblea encabezada por Rosario Ibarra de Piedra a las afueras de la Cámara de Diputados (1984) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/AG2/1231Archivo General de la Nación - México

Despite the victories, the whereabouts of the disappeared were not clarified, so in 1979 the National Front Against Repression was formed and the struggle was extended to the demand for democratic freedoms.

Comitiva del Partido Revolucionario de Trabajadores, Movimiento Revolucionario del Pueblo y Unión de Lucha Revolucionaria (1981) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Primera Parte, sobre HMA/AG1/4357Archivo General de la Nación - México

Rosario Ibarra's candidacy raised the struggle for human rights, political and social freedoms and support for the peasants and workers of the country. In addition, independent and progressive movements had significant experience in national politics.

Comitiva campesino-obrera durante el cierre de campaña de Rosario Ibarra (1982) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Cronológico Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/CR2/0002Archivo General de la Nación - México

The political program of Rosario's presidential campaign vindicated the call for unity among the most disadvantaged social sectors hit by economic restructuring. The intention was to achieve democratization that would allow justice and freedoms to be established.

Rosario Ibarra de Piedra encabezando el mitin de su cierre de campaña (1982) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Cronológico Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/CR2/0002Archivo General de la Nación - México

Rosario Ibarra's candidacy raised the struggle for human rights, political and social freedoms and support for the peasants and workers of the country. Independent and progressive movements had significant experience in national politics.

Rosario Ibarra de Piedra presentada como candidata del Partido Socialista Revolucionario de los Trabajadores (1981) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Primera Parte, sobre HMA/AG1/4357Archivo General de la Nación - México

The candidacy of Rosario Ibarra meant a democratic advance with the protagonism of a woman who represented mothers of the disappeared and synthesized the aspirations of the most disadvantaged segments by taking advantage of the opportunities of democratic opening.

Rosario Ibarra de Piedra saludando a grupo de apoyo a su candidatura (1981) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Primera Parte, sobre HMA/AG1/4357Archivo General de la Nación - México

Among the organizations that supported her was the Lesbian-Homosexual Committee, the result of the political-electoral alliance with the Homosexual Liberation Movement, which denounced homophobia and sexism and fought to end the repression of sexual diversity.

Asamblea de la gira de campaña presidencial de Rosario Ibarra de Piedra (1987) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Primera Parte, sobre HMA/AG1/4357Archivo General de la Nación - México

Rosario Ibarra also toured several states of the country as part of her electoral tour and held rallies with the participation of peasant leaders, workers and fighters to clarify the disappearance of activists.

Asamblea en apoyo a Rosario Ibarra de Piedra por parte del Comité de Artistas (1981) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Primera Parte, sobre HMA/AG1/4357Archivo General de la Nación - México

Among the student community there were contingents that placed banners in different institutions, distributed propaganda and organized dialogue tables and promoted attendance at spaces to listen to and support Rosario.

Discurso de Rosario Ibarra de Piedra durante su gira de campaña presidencial (1982) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/AG2/1231.2Archivo General de la Nación - México

Not all educational institutions or all states gave the same opening to Rosario: the rector of the Autonomous University of Nayarit and the authorities of Nuevo León justified their actions under the pretext of not proselytizing.

Rosario Ibarra de Piedra junto a las madres de desaparecidos (1982) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/AG2/1231Archivo General de la Nación - México

Other acts that gained great relevance during their campaigns were their constant visits to the women's prison of Santa Martha Acatitla to support all those detainees who were in political prison.

Rosario Ibarra de Piedra durante su registro como candidata a la presidencia ante la Secretaría de Gobernación (1981) by AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Primera Parte, sobre HMA/AG1/4357Archivo General de la Nación - México

The election results in 1981 did not favor Rosario, but there were great political lessons for the entire population about democracy and popular unity. Rosario continued the struggle in different ways, but always under the same ideals with which he began.

Credits: Story

Documentary references:


📃 AGN, México Contemporáneo, Administración Pública Federal S. XX, Secretaría de Gobernación, Dirección General de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales, caja AC 3904/4223, exp. 3, leg. 43.
📃 AGN, México Contemporáneo, Administración Pública Federal S. XX, Secretaría de Gobernación, Dirección General de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales, caja AC 3895/4223, exp. 1, leg. 2.
📃 AGN, México Contemporáneo, Administración Pública Federal S. XX Secretaría de Gobernación, Dirección General de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociales, caja AC 3902/4223, exp. 4, leg. 33.
📷 AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Segunda Parte, sobres HMA/AG2/1231, HMA/AG2/1231.1, HMA/AG2/1231.2.
📷 AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Cronológico Segunda Parte, sobre HMA/CR2/0002.
📷 AGN, Archivos Fotográficos, Hermanos Mayo, Alfabético General, Primera Parte, sobre HMA/AG1/4357.

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