By The Royal Society

Presented by The Ruskin and The Royal Society

The art of abstraction

Ruskin's perspectives

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Mathematics was at the centre of John Ruskin's art. Fascinated by form, pattern, proportion and symmetry in the world around us, Ruskin believed that mathematical knowledge underpinned both the technical proficiency and the 'analytical power' needed to compose a work of art.

Figure 10 from principles of geometry (1532) by Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)The Royal Society

Practical geometry

Ruskin believed that artists should acquire a working knowledge of geometry to understand the rules of classic linear perpective: parallel lines, the line of the horizon and the vanishing point. To this end, he produced drawing manuals to be read alongside Euclid's Elements.

Euclid in colour - proposition VII, Oliver Byrne (1810-1880), 1847, From the collection of: The Royal Society
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Euclidean diagrams, Unknown draughtsman, 1690/1710, From the collection of: The Royal Society
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Title page of The Diagrams of Euclid's elements of geometry...for the use of blind persons, W. Taylor, 1828, From the collection of: The Royal Society
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Euclid's 300 BCE treatise, The Elements, was at the core of nineteenth-century education and Ruskin owned several editions of Euclid in his own library. In his teaching at school, university and Working Men's colleges, and in his textbooks, he proposed practical exercises based on Euclidean geometry to his students.

Sketch by a Clerk of the Works (2), John Ruskin, J.Emslie, 1860, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Placing geometry as the basic principle of his understanding of structures, Ruskin recognised the fractal qualities of the natural world. Although in the above sketch from Modern Painters, Ruskin was not concerned with the scaling quality of the arrangement of the tree, he composed an exercise that anticipated the definition of fractal geometry: proposing to divide each stem of the tree into two branches at an equal angle, with each branch three quarters the length of the preceding one.

Cloud perspective: curvilinear (2), John Ruskin, 1860, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Shell Study, John Ruskin, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Cloud perspective: rectilinear (2), John Ruskin, 1860, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Ruskin used geometry to assist the depiction of complex forms across the natural world, from trees and clouds to shells. He used diagrams to illustrate the use of geometric compositional rulings in drawing curved shapes – in particular, the perspective to the depiction of clouds. He believed that a firm grasp of the rules of proportion and perspective was necessary to capture ‘the expression of buoyancy and space in sky’.

North West Porch of St Mark's, Venice. (1877) by John Ruskin (1819-1900)The Ruskin

Leading Lines

Ruskin's view of composition in art was clearly underpinned by a requirement for precise measurement and 'command of line'. Capturing accurate proportions within structures, Ruskin combined the practical mathematics of the mason with knowledge of geometry.

Architectural Notebook - ‘N Book’ (p. 45), John Ruskin (1819-1900), 1849/1850, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Linear perspective, a device of Renaissance architects Filippo Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti, is the scaffold for the conceptualisation of ideas by architects, engineers and designers.

The Ideal City, Fra Carnevale, ca. 1480-1484 (Renaissance), From the collection of: The Walters Art Museum
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Ruskin built particularly on German artist Albrecht Dürer, who published the first scientific treatment of perspective in a manual of geometric theory. Ruskin commented that Dürer's line is 'always decisive and always right'.

Foldout plate 61 from principles of geometry, Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), 1532, From the collection of: The Royal Society
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Man drawing a lute, Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), 1532, From the collection of: The Royal Society
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Proportions and perspective of man from five angles, Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), 1528, From the collection of: The Royal Society
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Although Ruskin's architectural works were steeped in gothic aesthetics, they were also studies in perspective. Building directly on Dürer and Palladio, he captured structural forms and analysed proportions with mathematical accuracy.

Stones of Venice, Cornice Decoration, John Ruskin, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Columns and architraves, Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), 1570, From the collection of: The Royal Society
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Venice, Byzantine Capitals, Concave Group., John Ruskin (1819-1900), 1851/1853, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Spiral Relief, North Transept Door, Rouen Cathedral, John Ruskin (1819-1900), 1882, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Just as Ruskin sought out precision in the world around him, he delivered it in his own work, climbing up ladders in palaces and cathedrals to note accurate measurements in his notebooks and diaries.

Architectural Notebook ‘Door Book’ (p21), John Ruskin (1819-1900), 1849/1850, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Beyond man-made structures, Ruskin used geometry to assist the depiction of a wider range of numerical, spatial and temporal parameters in nature.

Branches - Three Studies of Trees and One Study of Flower in Seed by School of Ruskin and John RuskinThe Ruskin

Mathematics in Nature

As we see in Ruskin's sketches, drawings and paintings, mathematical knowledge of perspective and abstraction is evident in the play between geometric and organic forms in nature. He captured the geometry of curved forms in geological formations, plants and shells.

Shell Study, John Ruskin, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Ruskin compared rock features to larger mountain forms in a manner anticipating fractal geometry: 'No mountain was ever raised to the level of perpetual snow, without an infinite multiplicity of form'. His diaries are full of diagrammatic images of particular rock formations in the bid to capture accurate outlines, and record his use of trigonometry to determine 'the angle of the right-hand precipice'.

Agate (Brantwood Trust), From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Mer de Glace, John Ruskin, 1874, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Geological formation: study, John Ruskin, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Ruskin tried to draw the 'governing or leading lines' of natural features with respect to individual geometric shapes, 'not because they are the first which strike the eye, but because like those of the grain of wood in a tree-trunk, they rule the swell and fall and change of all the mass'.

Cloud Study over Coniston Water, John Ruskin, 1880, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Cloud perspective: curvilinear, John Ruskin, 1860, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Cloud Study, John Ruskin, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Cloud effect over Coniston Old Man., John Ruskin (1819-1900), c. 1880, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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This attempt to find geometrical structures in even the most irregular organic forms such as clouds or waves, highlighted Ruskin's dynamic sense of pattern formation. Ruskin was fascinated by the challenge of observing movement in the skies in the same way that contemporary mathematicians were trying to use calculus to understand dynamic systems but acknowledged he did not have 'the mathematical knowledge required for the analysis of wave-action'.

Rocks And Waves, John Ruskin, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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The impact of mathematics on Ruskin’s artistry brings out his core empirical principles of thought and expression.
He explained: ‘All drawing depends, primarily, on your power of representing Roundness … For Nature is all made up of roundnesses; not the roundness of 25 perfect globes, but of variously curved surfaces. Boughs are rounded, leaves are rounded, stones are rounded, clouds are rounded, cheeks are rounded, and curls are rounded: there is no more flatness in the natural world than there is vacancy’.

Teazle Leaves, John Ruskin, 1854, From the collection of: The Ruskin
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Credits: Story

Curated by Sandra Kemp, The Ruskin – Library, Museum and Research Centre, Lancaster University, and Keith Moore, the Royal Society, with the support of Sandra Santos and Louisiane Ferlier.

https://royalsociety.org/collections/
https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/the-ruskin/
https://www.brantwood.org.uk/

Ruskin: Museum of the Near Future

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The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content.